The U.S. military is considered a model of integration and racial tolerance but this was not always the case. Historically, the military excluded Blacks during periods of peace and reluctantly accepted them during mobilization for war. Black Americans were denied the very freedoms they fought to secure for Europeans abroad. As soldiers, these Americans served proudly and valiantly in a segregated service and upon discharge from the military, returned to a segregated society. Many opted to remain in Europe, which was more racially tolerant. The expatriation literature scarcely mentions these veterans who successfully integrated and assimilated into cultures they experienced during their tours of duty. The purpose of this study was to understand the unique lived experiences of Black World War II veterans who chose to reside in Europe after the war and to consider implications for contemporary U.S. armed forces.

This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews conducted in Germany and France with seven participants identified through the Veteran’s Administration, friends and associates. Selection requirements were that they identify as an American of African descent, a WWII veteran honorably discharged from the military, and an expatriate residing in Europe. Interview data was collected using videotapes.

Findings indicated that veterans expatriated to escape racial discrimination in the United States while retaining their American citizenship, to live in communities that treated them with equality and dignity, and to pursue personal relationships developed during the war. A thematic analysis yielded several emerging themes such as limited training and assignments, discrimination in the service, imported American racism, serving with pride and bravery, conflicted American pride, and challenges and regrets.

As a direct result of this study, the military chose to honor U.S. Black WWII expatriates in Germany. In France, study participants established a listserv to connect with other expatriates and collected historical memorabilia to commemorate their legacy.

Implications for future research, limitations and contributions are discussed. Recommendations for military leaders, civilian officials, military personnel and civilians considering military service are provided.