Abstract:

This dissertation explores the life and work of four late nineteenth-century female writers. A study of the writings of Florence Finch Kelly, Willa Cather, Marietta Holley, and Charlotte Gilman illustrates the diversity of female expression and provides an historical vantage point for examining the advent of the women's rights movement. The techniques and intentions of each artist are examined in order to present the diverse methods chosen to accomplish their individual purpose. The nineteenth-century female writer's ambivalence within a male-defined discourse produces some interesting accommodations within literary frameworks. While the writing of Florence Kelly presents a parody of the genteel woman, the works of Willa Cather reveal the fractured alliances that contribute to the protagonist's self reflection of divisiveness and alienation. Charlotte Gilman, whose feminism suffuses her writing, provides a cultural reconstruction within her stories that serves as the basis for her expression of female independence and equality. Marietta Holley defends the equal rights of women through humor and pragmatic argument. Her feminization of vernacular humor is a unique translation of feminist ideals, and within this tradition Holley achieved popularity and commercial success. Research focuses on social, political, and literary theories of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Considerable attention is given to the challenges of the female protagonist who participates in careers and artistic ventures outside of gendered tradition. A conclusion of this study discusses the value of the historical references located within the literature of women writers for the woman of today.