This dissertation explores the history of reproduction in the British Caribbean and the Atlantic world in the years between the Peace of Paris in 1763 and the beginning of the emancipation process in the British West Indies in 1833. Maximizing fertility in the Caribbean became a goal of many British policymakers during this period, as they attempted to sustain the plantation labor supply in the face of the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. In the process, Afro-Caribbean women's reproductive bodies were imagined and re-imagined by the proponents of this new pro-natalism: West Indian planters, plantation doctors and managers, and British politicians (both abolitionists and members of the so-called "West India interest.") The political campaign to promote fertility came to bear on the most intimate details of Afro-Caribbean women's lives, and plantation ledgers, missionary records, and doctors' accounts all illustrate how the political came to encompass the personal. The story of an Afro-Caribbean midwife named Doll, who lived on Newton Plantation in Barbados during the eighteenth century, illustrates the personal repercussions of this pro-natalist political campaign. The politics of reproduction are also related to a number of other themes: to how ideas about race and venereal disease (the latter of which was widely blamed for infertility) were reshaped by both the abolitionist campaigns and the resistance of enslaved Afro-Caribbeans; to the relationship between the rise of abolitionism and the rise of capitalist world systems, which becomes clearer in light of the politics of reproduction; and finally to an interest in the religious impulses of abolitionist reformers, many of whom hoped to enlist the aid of divine Providence in their efforts to sustain the plantation labor supply. In sum, the dissertation traces the emergence of a pro-natalist abolitionism in the Anglophone Atlantic world and relates it to the broader process whereby the state developed technologies for the surveillance and discipline of sexuality.