This study examines the political thought of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam in the seventeenth century, arguing that a distinct period of intense political self-reflection can be identified during the two decades beginning in 1665. In their sermons, polemics, moral tracts, pamphlets, and administrative records, the members of Spinoza's former Jewish community displayed a new emphasis on the exilic community as an object of pride and analysis, creatively adapted political ideas from the non-Jewish world to describe their own governance, and deeply queried the relationship between lay and rabbinic authority. The primary context offered for this shift is the aftermath of the Sabbatian messianic movement that raged through European Jewish communities in 1665–6. This movement's promise of an imminent end to the exile, and its subsequent failure, prompted a new engagement with the meaning of the semi-autonomous Jewish community, its institutions, and its political-religious nature. The post-Sabbatian Sephardim in Amsterdam characterized the community as a true polity that was governed according to their own law and possessed political glory to rival the promised messianic kingship. Although this political re-evaluation took place in the wake of the Sabbatian movement, this is not the only relevant context. It is also related to Spinoza's discussion of similar questions about law and particularity in his Theological-Political Treatise, and to general trends in early modern European and Jewish history. For example, their depiction of the community as a Jewish “republic” was in part a reaction to the erosion of communal autonomy, as well as to the contemporaneous Christian interest in political Hebraism. Their discussions of the lay leadership's “reason of state” are another example, portraying their governance as the skillful harmonization of the demands of religion with those of politics, and mimicking Spanish treatments of the same issue.