Americans are portrayed as tolerant of inequality, which has been growing at an alarming rate since the 1970s. By operationalizing Rawls' theory of justice in an experimental setting, I show that group differences exist in the United States vis-à-vis attitudes toward economic inequality. Race, gender, age, religion, political orientation, and geographic location are significant factors underlying group differences. Not all groups within the United States are tolerant of economic inequality. White men prove to be the least egalitarian, while women in general and Latinos of either gender tend to make the most egalitarian choices. In addition, using a survey instrument I construct a “Horatio Alger Index” which measures identification with liberal individualism. The same groups that are the least egalitarian in the Rawlsian experiments are also those that identify the most with liberal individualist understandings of inequality as measured by this Horatio Alger Index. These empirical findings directly challenge the orthodox view held by prominent scholars over a long timeframe (e.g., Tocqueville, Hartz, Hochschild, and Alesina) that Americans generally tolerate or even embrace inequality in the economic domain.