This dissertation examines the lives of Jewish women living a traditional Jewish life within a culture that was exploring very non-traditional ideas about gender and sexuality. Fin de siècle Vienna was a place of remarkable transformation, in which new political movements and unprecedented cultural and intellectual explorations destabilized age-old norms and categories and questioned many long-standing assumptions about gender, women's roles, and sexuality. Unlike the image of fin de siècle Jewish Vienna most often invoked by scholars that centers on assimilated Jewish men who made significant contributions to avant-garde Viennese culture, this work presents an alternative picture of Jewish life in turn of the century Vienna: one of persisting traditional values and a deep attachment to the time-honored notions of female domesticity and separate spheres. Despite their overall traditionalism, this work argues that the rabbis and Jewish women of this era were not immune to changes in the surrounding Viennese society. Turn of the century Vienna was not only the home of Freud's theory of psychosexual development but was also the seat of vitriolic anti-Semitism and a burgeoning Austrian women's movement, both of which caused Viennese rabbis to reconsider elements of their traditional construction of gender. Jewish women as well, through their involvement in women's benevolence, utilized these traditional ideas to blur the imagined boundary between public and private, expand their sphere of influence, and position themselves in the heart of Jewish communal politics. This work investigates the lives of fin de siècle Viennese Jewish women from two different angles. On the one hand, using rabbinic responsa, sermons, and educational curricula, it details the construction of gender among the rabbinic leadership and the institutions of the Jewish community as a means of uncovering the gender norms and sexual ideology of the Jewish community in which these women lived. On the other hand, it explores the actual lives of Jewish women, through examining their own writings and activities, which reveal the nature of their experiences and self-conceptions as Jews and as fin de siècle Viennese women.