Etruria in the Roman Period was a land of contrast. Throughout much of the region, the Roman conquest significantly altered the traditional lifeways of Etruscans drawn into Rome's growing Mediterranean system. In other areas, just a few kilometers away, Etruscan inhabitants continued to follow pre-Roman patterns of residence and modes of existence. These patterns of change and continuity can be found at every level of the settlement hierarchy, from the largest cities to the smallest farmsteads. Numerous field survey projects, both systematic and unsystematic, provide the basis for examining divergent trends in the Etruscan landscape from the period of the formation of the major Etruscan city-states to the creation of a mature Roman Etruria (a development of the 1^st century A.D.). This study attempts to analyze the diversity of Roman initiative and native response across the divide of the Roman conquest by examining an understudied category of evidence, the secondary nucleated center or village community. These communities are examined in the context of their regional landscape and the political events surrounding the processes of urbanization and Romanization in order to expose the underlying local economic, social, and environmental conditions that interacted to produce a landscape of heterogeneous experience in Etruria among residents of village communities. Such a narrative offers a corrective to the traditional text driven models that have tended to focus on elites and urban communities while ignoring individuals at the bottom of society.