This study endeavors to show that Vaclav Havel's essays, plays, speeches, and letters can be integrated into a coherent political theory, which contributes significantly to some of the central debates in modern political thought. I argue that the central point of Havel's work is that his theory of individual opposition to posttotalitarianism may also serve as the foundation for a conception of individualism in modern liberal democracies. Havel's view is that both post-totalitarianism and liberal democracy are built on the shoulders of modernity, and there is obviously in modern humanity a certain tendency towards the creation, or at least toleration of a political system that is invasive and controlling. In Havel's view, liberal democracy is not spared this predicament. Not unlike Tocqueville and Arendt, Havel claims that modern liberal democracy contains potential tendencies toward a new form of despotism that capitalizes on modern alienation, and social atomization. I maintain that Havel's theory of individual opposition is an attempt to secure political freedom under the conditions of modernity. Havel argues that attaining true political participation and freedom, both in post-totalitarianism and in liberal democracy, requires a strong connection between an individually constructed ethics and the realm of politics. Therefore, he opposes all modern efforts to separate the two realms.