Nearly every country has participated in colonization or has been threatened by colonization. Modeling the processes used by colonizers and the native reaction to colonization will further understanding of current international relationships and past conflicts. This study was conducted to analyze the reactions of three indigenous cultures as they confronted European colonialism in search of a universal independent reaction to territorial encroachment. This is presented in three case studies focused on the Zulu of South Africa, the Moro of the southern Philippines, and the Sioux of the American Great Plains. The analysis model consists of examining settlements, taxation, land redistribution, and disarmament as reactions to changes in economic practices, cultural hegemony, and native religions. The study concludes that the reactions of all three focus cultures fit the same model, and that settlement, taxation, land redistribution, and disarmament are causes for conflict within the focus groups. The conclusion is that native cultures often alter traditional religious practices as a way of resisting colonization in their attempts to regain control of territory.

Key Words: Colonialism, Land Incorporation, Cultural Change, Religious Change, Conflict, Cultural Hegemony, Moro, Sioux, Zulu.