The ancient Maya have been the subject of archeological exploration for almost two centuries. Their magnificent monuments portray vestiges of an advanced Mesoamerican civilization with a royal culture. During the Classic period Maya society was organized into small, independent polities led by a king, and in rare instances, a queen, and nobility. The ruler commissioned artworks to proclaim his accomplishments, to legitimize his authority, and to promote his religious and political agenda. An analysis of the portrayals of ancient Maya rulers provides insights into the cultural framework and the historical circumstances that gave rise to these artistic programs. The study uses recent scholarship pertaining to Classic Maya political organization, kingship, and art. The analysis of specific works centers on the content and meaning of the images, and concludes with a synthesis of the themes and symbols of kingship as seen in the portrayals of Classic period rulers.