The vascular flora of Saline County, Arkansas was collected from March 2002 to November 2007 resulting in a total of 1,510 taxa (52% of the known flora of Arkansas), representing 165 families, 617 genera, and 1,457 species. Of these, 241 (15.9%) are non-native and 99 (6.6%) are of state conservation concern. Of these, 20 taxa (1.3%) are considered to be of global conservation concern (G1-G3). Twenty-seven habitats and plant communities are qualitatively described from the county. Of these, shale barrens, igneous glades, pine flatwoods, swamp lakes and floatant marshes, channel scar depression ponds, high-gradient stream channels, and bluffs and talus were found to be important to species richness and rare species. One species, Sabatia arkansana, was described as new-to-science from the study area in 2005 and is endemic to Saline County. Four taxa: Hypericum adpressum, Cyperus difformis, C. lupulinus ssp. macilentus, and Kyllinga brevifolia are new state records.